उर्ग्येन संघरक्षितजी का जीवन

1925 - 2018

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Dennis Lingwood (Sangharakshita) aged 3Sangharakshita addressing a public meeting in Patan, Nepal under the presidency of H.R.H. the Crown Prince of Nepal in honour of the sacred relics. November 1951.Sangharakshita conducting the ordination ceremony of Sumana in Padmaloka, 1978.Sangharakshita as an old man

किसी भी जीवन-कथा की तरह, संघरक्षितजी की कहानी भी कई तरीकों से और कई अलग-अलग दृष्टिकोणों से कही जा सकती है. हम उनके जीवन पर सूक्ष्म और गहन दृष्टि डालने के लिए नागबोधि की जीवनी, उनके जीवन पर आधारित फ़िल्मों के लिए "लाइट्स इन द स्काई" और उन्हें सीधे जानने के लिए संघरक्षितजी के अपने संस्मरण पढ़ने की सलाह देते हैं.

यहाँ, हमने विभिन्न माध्यमों से लिए गए अंशों के माध्यम से उनके जीवन के महत्वपूर्ण क्षणों का एक संक्षिप्त विवरण देने का प्रयास किया है. जहाँ तक संभव हो, हमने उनके लिखित और मौखिक शब्दों के साथ-साथ वीडियो क्लिप और तस्वीरों का भी उपयोग किया है - मुख्यतः त्रिरत्न पिक्चर लाइब्रेरी से.

हमें उम्मीद है कि आपको संघरक्षितजी की समृद्ध विरासत की ये झलकियाँ पसंद आएगी और आप स्रोतों के लिंक पर जाकर और अधिक जानने के लिए प्रेरित होंगे.

सूर्यनाग और प्रज्ञाकेतु द्वारा 2022 में संकलित, महामति और कल्याणप्रभा के योगदान सहित.

1925
Dennis Lingwood (Sangharakshita) aged 3

डेनिस लिंगवुड का जन्म टूटिंग, लंदन में हुआ था

1941
Dennis Lingwood (Sangharakshita) as a teenager.

उन्हें एहसास हुआ कि वह बौद्ध थे और हमेशा ही बौद्ध रहे हैं.

1943

दूसरे महायुद्ध के दौरान भारत भेजा गया

1947

भारत में दो साल घुमक्कड़ के रूप में.

1949

थेरवादी भिक्षु-दीक्षा प्राप्त की.

1950

"बौद्ध धर्म की भलाई के लिए काम करने" के लिए कालिम्पोंग में अकेले रह गए.

1956
A young Sangharakshita teaching a crowded room in India.

डॉ. आंबेडकर की मृत्यु के बाद उन्होंने लाखों नए बौद्धों को शिक्षा दी.

1957

प्रमुख तिब्बती लामाओं से तांत्रिक दीक्षाएँ प्राप्त कीं.

1964

Invited back to the UK and began to lead the English Sangha Trust

Initially reluctant to leave India, which he'd come to consider his home, Sangharakshita was convinced by his friends to return to England

“At the time I saw myself as being permanently settled in India, which I had come to regard as my spiritual home. In Kalimpong, within sight of the snows, I had a peaceful hillside hermitage, the Triyana Vardhana Vihara, where I could meditate, study, write, and receive my friends, and from which I sallied forth on my preaching tours in the plains and to which, when I needed to recoup my energies, I could return. Above all, I had spiritual teachers of exceptional attainments, with most of whom I was in regular personal contact, and from whom I derived not just knowledge but inspiration.

Thus there was little incentive for me to return to the land of my birth, much as I loved its language and its literature, and at first I was undecided whether or not to accept the [English Sangha] Trust’s invitation.

Khantipālo was with me when it arrived, however, and when he pointed out that it was my duty to help spread the Dharma in England, inasmuch as I had been born and brought up there, I could not but recognize the force of his argument.”

Precious Teachers (CW22, pp.560-61)

After some resistance, he was recognised as the senior monk at the Hampstead Buddhist Vihara

“To the left of the shrine, and to the right, two chairs had been placed, and on one of the chairs next to the shrine there was an embroidered cushion. When Ānanda Bodhi at last swept in, he straightway plumped himself down on the chair with the embroidered cushion, as if it were his by right. Vimalo at once objected. ‘We ought to let Venerable Sangharakshita sit there,’ he said bluntly, ‘as he is senior to us.’ Whereupon the Canadian monk vacated the chair with a very ill grace, I took my seat on it, and our meeting began.… Ānanda Bodhi took very little part in the proceedings. His being compelled to relinquish the seat of honour had shaken him badly, and he may have been thinking that the incident represented a deposition from the throne of his hitherto unquestioned supremacy at the Vihāra and within the English Sangha [Trust]”

Moving Against the Stream (CW23, p.26)
“I remember having breakfast in the basement next morning [after arriving] with Ānanda Bodhi and the three novices. There was a choice of four or five different hot drinks, and at the centre of the table, besides jam, marmalade, and honey, there were various spreads quite new to me. In my own monastery in Kalimpong we drank only tea, and jam had been seen there on only one occasion when, plums being unusually cheap that year, we had made a couple of dozen jars of it. As I was going upstairs to my room after the meal I heard the oldest of the novices ordering supplies on the phone. ‘You’ve only two kinds of salmon?’ he was saying. ‘Then send the more expensive kind.”

Moving Against the Stream (CW23, pp.6-7)

He arrived at the Hampstead Buddhist Vihara, run by a small group of Theravādin monks for the English Sangha Trust

“‘Insight meditation’, at least in the extreme form taught by Ānanda Bodhi, in conjunction with the Canadian monk’s brash and arrogant personality, had been responsible, at least in part, for the breach between the Sangha Association and the Buddhist Society. If that breach was to be healed, and if more people were not to be turned into zombies in the name of Buddhist meditation, then the teaching … would have to be phased out and the more traditional methods taught instead.”

Moving Against the Stream (CW23, p.45)

He noticed that a meditation method that was being taught was having alienating effects and causing rifts in the fledgling British Sangha

So he introduced the cultivation of mettā (loving-kindness)

“Some people at the Summer School regretted that a wider range of meditation practices were not available. As one of them told me, ‘We aren’t attracted by Zen, and we don’t like Vipassanā, and there doesn’t seem to be anything in between.’ Actually there is very much ‘in between’. At the 9.30 meditation sessions I conducted an experiment in what I [afterwards] called Guided Meditation, the class progressing from one stage to another of Mettā Bhāvanā (Development of Love) practice as directed at five-minute intervals by the voice of the instructor. Verbal directions were gradually reduced to a minimum until, in the last session, transition from one stage to the next was indicated merely by strokes of the gong. The experiment seemed successful…”

Twenty Years After (CW27 p. 37)

And taught at the Buddhist Society Summer School, as well as around the UK

The earliest audio recordings of Sangharakshita's lectures are from this period

After one lecture, a young man approached him with a ‘startling claim’…

1966

Dismissed by the English Sangha Trust

Sangharakshita was giving a lecture about the Tibetan Book of the Dead when he was approached by a man who claimed to have ‘seen the pure white light’

Terry Delamere and Sangharakshita quickly formed a close spiritual connection

“As we got to know each other, a friendship did develop – and develop rapidly. We discovered we had a spiritual, even a transcendental affinity, and communication between us accordingly deepened.

“At Biddulph [meditation retreat] it had deepened still further, with the result that by the end of Terry’s week there with me I was not only well satisfied with the progress of our friendship but felt I understood him better than before. Perhaps I understood myself better too.”

Moving Against the Stream (CW23, p.149)

This friendship was a catalyst for Sangharakshita moving beyond monasticism – he began to wear ‘civilian clothes’

“Terry was pleased to see me in civilian clothes, for he was one of those who believed that such oriental trappings as yellow robes had nothing to do with the actual study and practice of the Buddha’s teaching and could, in fact, be an obstacle to its being taken seriously by intelligent people.…

“Nobody at the Hampstead Vihara knew that I sometimes wore civilian clothes… Had the more decidedly Theravādin members of the Sangha Association known they would have been scandalized.…

“My finally deciding against getting myself a jacket, when Terry and I looked down Charing Cross Road for one, was certainly not owing to any shortage there either of clothing shops or jackets. Rather was the opposite the case. There were several such shops, and in each shop there were so many jackets, of so many different sizes, colours, materials, styles, and prices, that in the end, unable to make up my mind which one to choose, I decided to put off the whole perplexing business to another day, with the result that several years were to pass before I actually bought myself one.… I had been away so long that I had no idea what sort of clothes would be suitable for someone of my age and position (or lack of position)…”

Moving Against the Stream (CW23, pp.190, 191-2)
“I should stress, to avoid possible misunderstanding, that there was never any question of sex between Terry and I.

“He would simply not have been interested and that was not the nature of our friendship. But my contact with him did help me to move away from even my own, by then, very attenuated version of Theravada Bhikkhu-hood…”

Conversations with Bhante
“Had almost anyone else made such a startling claim I would have been inclined to think he was either crazy or a charlatan, but so unassuming was the young man’s demeanour, and so frank and trustful his gaze, that it was impossible for me not to believe that he spoke the truth.…

“Terry’s parents may not have actually labelled him a schizophrenic, but they certainly regarded his evident dislike of what he called ‘the stereotyped living of suburbia’ as a sign of mental illness or, at least, of there being something seriously wrong with him. The treatment Terry was given at Villa 21 was simple and, in a sense, drastic. He was given ether.… As he wrote shortly afterwards,

‘As Dr Caple administered the ether so my mind seemed to ascend one level of understanding after another. Time was the first fiction to be exposed coupled with the crippling effects that personality has upon a person’s true self. As my awareness increased the frequency at which my mind seemed to function was fantastic and in contrast to that of my surroundings...’

“The ether experience had a permanent effect on Terry’s thinking. It left him convinced that for human beings there were two possible approaches to reality. They could either develop an understanding of themselves and their environment over scores of lifetimes, and experience reality as the reward of their creative effort to evolve; or they could simply see that the truth, pure and unadulterated, was and always had been available and that it moreover was capable of being experienced here and now, whether by means of fasting or meditating or as the result of a drug abreaction such as he had undergone. He also realized that in the course of a lifetime a human being had to put in what seemed an unbelievable amount of effort and discipline, and this ‘hideous, self-imposed struggle’ he found so upsetting, when recovering after his first session of treatment, that he burst into tears.”

Moving Against the Stream (CW23, pp.94, 95 & 104)

Sangharakshita and Terry went travelling together, driving to Greece via Italy

Then to India, for a farewell tour to old friends

“In my teens I had read as widely as I could in the fields of European literature, art, and philosophy, both ancient and modern, and even during my twenty years in the East I had not entirely lost contact with Western culture, at least to the extent that this was represented by English poetry.

“For me our present journey, and the sightseeing we were doing along the way, represented a renewal, and a deepening, of that contact. The places we visited, and the paintings we saw, had meaning for me. Through them I was reconnecting with my cultural roots, reclaiming my cultural heritage, for although I was a Buddhist I was a Western Buddhist, and could not afford, psychologically and even spiritually, to cut myself off from those roots, or to renounce that heritage, as some misguided Western Buddhists thought they were obliged to do.”

Moving Against the Stream (CW23, p.256)

While in India, Sangharakshita received a letter from the English Sangha Trust, withdrawing their support for him

“The trouble, as I have called it, had started with gossip about my relationship with Terry. That relationship, it was alleged, was of a homosexual nature, and as Toby [Christmas Humphreys] had pointed out the English middle-class mind had an abhorrence that even the appearance of homosexuality was sufficient, it seemed, to warrant a man’s banishment from decent society or, as I had found, his removal from the position he occupied. What this meant in effect, at least in England, was that it was difficult for men to develop more than ordinarily close friendships without incurring the suspicion of homosexuality and, in some cases, the unpleasant and even painful consequences of such suspicion.”

Moving Against the Stream (CW23, p.438)

(N.B. Homosexuality was still illegal in the UK in 1966. It was partially decriminalized in 1967.)
“‘Do you know what this means?’ I asked Terry, when I had finished reading the letter.

“‘It means a new Buddhist movement!’”

Moving Against the Stream (CW23, p.376)
1967/8

Founded a new Buddhist Order and community

After his dismissal, Sangharakshita returned to England and began teaching independently, to a small group of loyal followers

Sakura signboard.
Now on display in Urgyen House.
“It’s a spring evening in central London in 1967. Along a narrow road of antique and ‘oriental’ shops, one is named Monmouth Street. On the left hand side at the far end of the road there is a small shop named Sakura – Japanese for ‘cherry blossom’. Down the stairs at the bottom are two small rooms.  As your eyes get used to the light, you see that there are about a dozen people crammed into the tiny space. Most are sitting on chairs, but a few perch on cushions on the floor. Midway along the back wall is a lacquered shrine, with candles burning, a vase of flowers, and a small figure of the Buddha.

There is one man in particular who grabs your attention. He is an Englishman in his early forties, but of unusual appearance. He is wearing orange robes over a thick jumper. He has longish, lanky brown hair, and spectacles. But it is his presence that really makes you pay heed. He seems utterly alert, confident, at ease in himself. The look in his eye and the set of his mouth are formidably serious and intent, except that sometimes he catches someone else’s eye and breaks into a toothy grin. After a quick check of his watch, he faces the shrine and in a deep voice chants and bows to the Buddha, the others following his lead. He then sits on a low platform and explains to them about Buddhist meditation. He speaks slowly, choosing and emphasizing his words carefully, but with that same underlying intensity and conviction. The people present are fascinated and, after the few minutes of instruction, shuffle into their meditation postures and close their eyes. He begins the period of meditation by ringing a Japanese bowl. The room falls silent, while above, unseen, the red double-decker buses rumble by and taxi cabs honk their horns.”


-
The Triratna Story by Vajragupta (pp.1-2)
‘I was, I think, forty-one at the time; still a comparatively young man. And as I remember those early days, there rises in my mind a quite vivid picture of just how and where we started.…

‘As far as I remember the basement was about twelve feet square. Twelve feet each way. And with a bit of juggling we could get twenty chairs in, because in those days people did not sit on the floor to meditate, they all sat on chairs. That gradually changed. When we had our inaugural dedication we allowed a few people to stand and we squeezed in altogether twenty-four people.’

‘I led, and we all recited, a dedication ceremony that I’d composed only the evening before. And thus we dedicated what we called our Triratna shrine and meditation room. And that was how and where the FWBO [Friends of the Western Buddhist Order] began.’

Looking Back – And Forward (2007 talk commemorating the movement's 40th anniversary. Edited version in CW12, p.650)
We dedicate this place to the Three Jewels:
To the Buddha, the ideal of Enlightenment to which we aspire;
To the Dharma, the path of the Teaching to which follow;
To the Sangha, the spiritual fellowship with one another which we enjoy.

– Dedication Ceremony, Triratna Puja Book

The Western Buddhist Order began on 7th April 1968 with the ordination of Sara Boin (Sujata), then 11 other men and women

Front row from left: Penny Niel-Smith (Tara), Margarita Khan (?), David Waddell, Mike Rogers (Sudatta), Jack Austin
Back row from left: Terence o'Reagan (Vangisa), Geoffery Webster (Sumedha), Emil Boin (Upaya)

This was a new kind of ordination: Order members were committing their lives to the practice of Buddhism without becoming monks

‘…Our new Buddhist movement would [also] have to be free from homophobia, as it came to be called, if spiritual friendship was to flourish within it. Indeed it would have to be free from homophobia if it was to be truly Buddhist.

‘Buddhism was a universal teaching, and as such its attitude was one of good will (mettā) towards all living beings, irrespective of race, nationality, social position, gender, or sexual orientation.’

Moving Against the Stream (CW23, p.438)
‘It was an Order that was open to both men and women… In some quarters of the Buddhist East, it was regarded as rather revolutionary, not to say almost heretical, to say you accept both men and women into the same order on equal terms. So this has been a principle, one of our distinctive features, from the very beginning.’

- The Six Distinctive Emphases of the FWBO (edited version in CW12, p.667)

It was also the first time in Buddhist history that women were given equal ordination to men

92-year-old Sangharakshita reflects on the founding of the movement on its 50th anniversary
‘“A historic stage in the development of Western Buddhism”. This was how the Ven Sthavira Sangharakshita described the first Ordinations within the FWBO which took place in April.…

‘In his talk on the meaning of the Order the Sthavira said that there were two extreme views regarding what constituted a Buddhist: one maintained that only ordained monks were real Buddhists and the other that being born in a Buddhist country automatically made one a Buddhist. The Friends took a middle view, avoiding the exclusiveness of the one extreme and the all-embracing character of the other.’

FWBO Newsletter Issue 1
1969

Explored Buddhism in the world of sex, drugs and counter-culture

One year after the first ordinations, Sangharakshita’s closest friend Terry Delamere took his own life

i.m Terry Delamere 1934 – 1969
‘That was his belief, or at least his hope. At the moment of death he would catch the experience that he’d had before, of the white light; which of course he had identified with the white light one may experience in the bhardo according to the Tibetan texts. That was his hope. Whether he did or not, I don’t know.…

‘I’ve never shed so many tears for anybody as I did for him.’

A Conversation with Sangharakshita about Death and Grief by Ratnachuda
For The Record

You wrote four letters, one
To your parents, one
To the girl who looked after you, one
To your accountant, and one
To your best friend
Me,
Sealed them neatly.
You wrote out
Two cheques in settlement of small
Debts,
Walked around
Here and there
Came in, went out
Two or three times
Returned my typewriter
(It was early morning,
I was in bed, asleep, did not hear you)
Felt a little uneasy,
Perhaps, for a minute or two
Parked your bus
Down at Kentish Town
In front of an old brick wall
Where it would not be in anybody’s way
(After drawing the faded red
Curtains) bought a ticket
To somewhere, anywhere
Rode
Down the escalator
Stood
Heron-hunched in your old black duffle-coat
Hands thrust deep in pockets
Brooding, thinking,
Meditating,
Watched, waited
Anticipated
And when the train came
Heavily lumbering along the platform
Slowly gliding along the smooth shining rails
Suddenly threw yourself under, and in a moment
Found what you had been seeking
All your life.


Complete Poems (CW25, pp.314-15)
‘We were helped by the zeitgeist, the spirit of the times. I’m talking about the late sixties and early seventies. Things were very different then… There was a different sort of atmosphere around. An atmosphere of experimentation and new things, changes in all sorts of walks of life. We had the Beatles, didn’t we, in those days. Some of you perhaps remember them?

‘And, of course, Zen was in the air; several of our own friends were interested in Zen. [Early order member] Ananda was very interested in Zen. So were several others. And of course, there was the smell of something which perhaps I shouldn’t mention in the air… It was the days of psychedelic drugs and experimenting with oriental music, new forms of literature. I remember Jack Kerouac’s novels were very popular in those days and in the FWBO too. And also Erich Fromm’s were very popular. So there was definitely a supportive spirit in those days. A spirit that was supportive of any new spiritual venture, rather than antagonistic to it.’

Looking Back – And Forward (CW12, p.654, edited version)

The FWBO began attracting followers from the counter-culture movement

‘I had my critique of monasticism almost from the very beginning, which meant that I came to have more and more uncertainty about wanting to continue being a monk – which of course opened up the possibility of engaging in sexual activities...

‘I happened to go down to Sakura, our centre in Monmouth Street, one evening, on my way to a retreat, and there, unexpectedly, was Carter. He had arrived with a letter of introduction from Robert Aitken, the American Zen Roshi in Hawaii, and since he had nowhere to stay… he was allowed to spend the night in our basement shrine room at Sakura. When I went down to the centre the following afternoon to take a class, I found a number of people on the pavement outside, and Carter looking very ashamed and upset. He had gone to sleep, leaving a candle burning, and it had set the place on fire. He was lucky to have escaped with his life. Everyone was very annoyed with him and, of course, no-one wanted to give him house-space. So, what to do with him? Rather reluctantly, I offered to take him back to my flat. When it was bedtime, I asked him whether I should make up a bed for him on the floor or whether he would share my bed. Without hesitation he said he would sleep with me – and that was how our sexual relationship began.’

Conversations with Bhante

Sangharakshita entered this new world and, at forty-two, had his first sexual experience

‘Carter and the members of the English Mystical School smoked quite a bit of marijuana and I would sometimes join them. Carter and I also smoked marijuana lying on the grass on Hampstead Heath, near which I lived. I remember having a very positive experience with the drug, just floating away as if on a magic carpet. I perhaps smoked 'dope' some 100 or so times, but after Carter left I never smoked again – and I never missed it.

‘I also took LSD with Carter… I had intended to write about the experience as it progressed, but all I could write was, “As if brain being nibbled by little fish....”!’

Conversations with Bhante

...and began to experiment with drugs

‘Sangharakshita let his hair grow, and wore his robes with a mixture of other clothes, or sometimes jeans and a sweater instead. He didn’t look out of place amid London’s burgeoning hippy life.

He recognised that Buddhism needed to adapt to the changed circumstances of the modern world, setting aside many sectarian and culture-bound features of individual Buddhist traditions, but not losing touch with its core teachings and values.’

Obituary by Vishvapani
‘My hitherto rosy view of the FWBO was blemished when I realized that the number of active and dedicated Order members was in fact pitifully small, maybe no more than three or four from the two dozen or so that had been previously ordained in 1968 and 1969. The majority in fact had already drifted away. No doubt they sincerely considered themselves to be Buddhist, and no doubt they were happy to have been personally ordained by Sangharakshita but for whatever reason they were unable to comprehend his vision for a new Buddhist movement or appreciate the radical and demanding nature of Buddhism itself.’

On the First Rung by Buddhadasa (p.17)
‘By this time Carter had his girlfriend in the person of Andrea… Sometimes he spent the night with me, sometimes with Andrea… On one of the rare occasions when the three of us went for a walk on Hampstead Heath together he put an arm round each of us and declared that it was the happiest time of his life, for he had with him the two people whom he loved best in the world…

‘I was quite happy that he should sleep with Andrea, but Andrea was not happy that he should sleep with me or see very much of me. One day Carter suggested that the three of us should spend a week together on holiday. Though he did not say so, I knew that he hoped that this would bind the three of us more closely together and help Andrea develop a more positive attitude towards me. I was sceptical, and told Carter that I did not think his scheme would work. I could see that Andrea was implacable in her dislike of me and that we would never be friends. Nonetheless, I allowed Carter to persuade me and agreed to take part in the experiment...

‘In the end I told Carter that the holiday was not proving a success and that we should separate, and to this he unwillingly agreed. There was an emotional parting and even Andrea seemed a little moved. He would return the car to Mike at the end of the week, then take the train back to London and me.

‘I never saw him again.

‘From friends of friends I learned that he had sent home for his best suit and that shortly afterwards he had married Andrea and taken her back to America with him. Before leaving he sent me a message. It was scribbled on a postcard with various coloured pencils and it read, ‘I know I am hurting you. Give me two years, and I will be back.’ I was indeed hurt. Carter had been an important part of my life for just over a year, and it took me a long time to recover from the loss.

Living With Carter (CW26, pp.613-16)

His relationship with Carter grew more complex and ended in 1969

Meanwhile, the FWBO was off to a slow start…

‘If Sangharakshita had set out to create a mass, group-orientated movement he might well have succeeded in attracting far greater numbers. But from the earliest days Sangharakshita emphasized that the Buddha’s teaching was addressed to the human being as an Indvidual - not as a member of the group.

‘This emphasis on the Individual arose when a few of us tried to agree on a suitable title for the geminal FWBO newsletter. Sangharakshita’s suggestion was ‘The Earthworm’, because the earthworm goes invisibly about its business while remaining an influential and beneficial presence. As with many of Sangharakshita’s suggestions, it failed to find acceptance. Another of Sangharakshita’s ideas that failed to catch on was to produce for free distribution inexpensive ‘religious tracts’ that outlined the basic tenets of Buddhism. So much for his supposed authority!’

On the First Rung by Buddhadasa (pp.17-18)

He spent a term in 1970 teaching at Yale University, USA, whilst his followers in the UK carried on FWBO activities

‘During my absence from England the responsibility for conducting regular meditation classes had devolved on a few of the more active and experienced members of the Order. On my return I was pleased to find that, far from there having been any falling off while I was away, attendance at these classes had actually increased, each of them now containing a sprinkling of faces that to me, at least, were entirely new. Indeed, I was not only pleased by this fact but enthused, for one of the main reasons for my accepting the invitation to Yale had been that this would give me an opportunity of finding out whether or not the movement in London, to which I had devoted three years of my life, was capable of standing on its own feet for three months. Being now assured that it could not only stand but even walk, I returned with renewed enthusiasm to the accustomed routine of meditation classes, meetings of the Order, public lectures, council meetings, seminars, and retreats.”

1970: A Retrospect (CW23, p.462)
Sangharakshita in Yale with a friend

Later that year, the lease on Sakura expired and the FWBO was left without a home…

With Sangharakshita’s support, as well as the dedication of a small group of friends, the first dedicated FWBO Centre was opened

‘In late 1970 the lease on Sakura expired. The FWBO needed to find new premises, but they couldn’t find anywhere suitable in time. There followed a period of holding classes in different venues each week. Without a permanent home it was hard to hold the group together, and people started to drift away.

A 15-month period of uncertainty followed, while various people trudged the streets of London searching for a property they could afford. Eventually, Sangharakshita wrote to all the London boroughs asking for help. Two weeks later, in January 1972, a reply from Camden Council requested an urgent meeting. Sangharakshita went with Hugh Evans (later ordained with the Buddhist name Buddhadasa) to view a small, disused factory building in Balmore Street, Highgate. ‘Can you do it?’ asked Sangharakshita.‘I think so’, was Hugh’s reply. He gave up his job to become the first full-time worker for the FWBO and to establish the Archway Centre.’

– The
Triratna Story by Vajragupta (p.10)
Lokamitra outside the first FWBO centre, Balmore Street, Archway, North London (later named Pundarika).
1973

Expanded the ‘Friends of the Western Buddhist Order’ (FWBO) into an international movement

Sangharakshita started forming the core of his teaching with lectures now considered to be classics

Some classic lectures from the 1970s:

The Path of Regular Steps and Irregular Steps
A System of Meditation

Lecture series:
Parables, Myths and Symbols from the White Lotus Sutra
Creative Symbols of the Tantric Path to Enlightenment
Buddhism for Today and Tomorrow
The Inconceivable Emancipation
Transformation of Life and World
Essence of Zen

He also began to lead seminars where he brought key Buddhist teachings to life in a new way

He particularly emphasised ‘spiritual friendship’ - kalyāṇa mitratā, encouraging deeper communication between people

‘All this time, Sangharakshita was overseeing the young movement. He could now work in a much less ‘hands on’ way and had more time to write, reflect, and provide teaching and spiritual inspiration. In December 1973, he gathered a group together and led a week-long seminar on the Bodhicaryavatara, a classic Mahayana text that emphasizes the altruistic dimension of the spiritual life. Each day they’d sit round in a circle, books in hand, he in robes and carpet slippers, an old reel-to-reel tape machine recording the proceedings, as he guided them carefully through the text, line by line. Between then and 1990, Sangharakshita conducted 150 seminars either on traditional Buddhist works or commentaries on them, or, occasionally, on non-Buddhist texts. The recordings were later transcribed by volunteers (in itself a huge labour of love) and made available for study. In later years, some of the material from them has been edited into books [e.g Living with Kindness, The Yogi’s Joy, etc.]. The seminar became Sangharakshita’s principal medium not just for imparting information about Buddhism, but also for teaching people how to read Buddhist texts, how to reflect on their teachings, and how to think critically. He brilliantly drew out the essentials from a text, revealing its profound depths, while also showing how it pertained to the practical and everyday.’

The Triratna Story by Vajragupta (pp.17-18)
‘I know that this is one of our features that many people find especially attractive. I get many letters and visitors, and people often tell me the story of how they came in contact with our movement, sometimes after experiencing other forms of Buddhism. From what people tell me, I would say that the two things that draw most people to us and which they continue to value most are our clear presentation of the Dharma and the experience of sangha. That people appreciate this emphasis on spiritual friendship so much suggests that very often that element is lacking in the outside world. You may have friends, or at least acquaintances, but you may not have people whom you know so well that you can open your heart to them, and have a full and deep communication about everything that concerns you, whether material, practical, emotional, or spiritual.’

‘Forty Years On: The Six Distinctive Emphases of the FWBO’ (CW12, p.669)

Order members started moving beyond London, playing tapes of Sangharakshita’s lectures to small groups of friends

He visited these ‘branches’ of the FWBO as they sprung up throughout the 1970s – Finland, New Zealand, India, USA, and more

‘Where there is energy, there is the possibility of refinement of energy. The real problem is when there is no energy, i.e when energy is blocked, and unable to find any outlet in any direction, or at any level.’

Travel Letters (CW24, p.60)

After a short sabbatical in 1973, Sangharakshita returned with an important message for the burgeoning Order

Thangka image of the thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara
‘And so this close circle of friends gathered under bright blue skies in the open landscape of the New Forest in Hampshire, eager to hear what Sangharakshita had to say. He was keen to talk to them about his developing vision for the FWBO, eager to speak in a new way. He was beginning to see the Western Buddhist Order as a tiny manifestation of Avalokiteśvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion. In one of the forms in which Avalokiteśvara is depicted in the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist tradition, he has one thousand arms reaching out in all directions, each holding a different implement with which to help relieve the suffering of the world. The spiritual community of the FWBO really could be Avalokiteśvara made manifest in the world. Each Order member could be like one of those arms, holding his or her own particular implement, working in his or her own particular direction, each part of a greater whole, each joined as one spiritual body. If they were able to work together in this way, the whole would be far greater than the sum of the parts. They could be a tremendous force for good in the world.’

The Triratna Story by Vajragupta (pp.12-13)

In 1974, he was given money from Buddhadasa to buy a small cottage named Albemar

‘As you already know, the movement is expanding rapidly, and more and more demands are being made on my time and energy. To these demands I am very happy to respond. Indeed, just as you recognize your good fortune in being able to donate money to the Movement (I sometimes think that money is the only thing we lack) I recognize my good fortune in being able to give my energy. But it seems clear that I have reached the limit of what I am able to give under the present makeshift arrangements, and that if I am to keep up with the greatly increased demands now being made upon me there must be a small country retreat centre…’

– Letter to Buddhadasa from Sangharakshita, 4th March 1974 (Published in On the First Rung by Buddhadasa, p. 60)

He lived here with Mark, with whom he was also in a relationship

Meanwhile the FWBO continued growing around the world, with Sangharakshita at its head

In 1976, Sangharakshita and Mark, now ordained as Vajrakumara, jointly purchased a country house in Norfolk

It became Padmaloka Retreat Centre

‘My sexual activity was part of a wider process in my own personal life – and one might even say in my Dharma life and in my attempt to communicate the Dharma. It was part of a general exploration. I was trying to explore how to live and communicate the Dharma in these very new circumstances of the modern West. I had become aware that there were aspects of life that were being given a new kind of attention in modern culture – aspects of life that the Dharma had never previously had to address. I had to work out for myself how the Dharma related to these aspects of life, since there were no clear and explicit models to be found in the scriptures or in traditional Buddhism.’

Conversations (2009)

After moving in, Sangharakshita’s relationship with Vajrakumara ended, and he began exploring sex with some of his other followers

Some of these men, including Mark, later said they felt that as their teacher Sangharakshita should not have had sex with them

For some of the individuals who looked up to Sangharakshita as a spiritual teacher, and who were also sexually involved with him, the emotional impact was painful and long-lasting.

It is important to be aware that this was not the case for everyone with whom Sangharakshita had a sexual encounter and that attitudes towards sexual relations have changed greatly since the 1970s and 1980s. Important generational differences have also emerged; and some older Order members who were involved in these events told us that they feared that past events were being misrepresented because they were unfairly judged according to today’s very different expectations.

Nonetheless, the role of spiritual teacher involves a responsibility to the people he or she teaches, and this includes awareness of the potential for the teacher’s conduct to have an emotional impact on his or her students. Making sense of sex and sexual relationships is often complex and difficult for people, especially when they are young, and sexual involvement with an influential person can easily complicate the process, whether that person is senior in years or spiritually senior.

Adhisthana Kula Report (2020)

In London, an ambitious building project transformed an old fire station into the largest urban Buddhist Centre in Europe

Above: Sangharakshita unveiling the Nalanda crest at the London Buddhist Centre, 1979
Men's Order convention at Padmaloka, 1985

The Order – now around 300 people – fundraised for Sangharakshita’s 60th birthday

Enough money was raised to fully purchase Padmaloka which was now the Order Office headquarters, with Sangharakshita in residence

A valley in Spain was also purchased, giving him a place to focus more on his writing without distraction

From 1985 onwards, Sangharakshita was celibate again

‘Personal experience has shown me that it is better to keep one’s sexual relations and one’s spiritual friendships separate.’

A Complex Personality: A Note (CW26, p. 639)
1988

Started to hand on leadership of the FWBO to senior Order members

In the late 1980s, the media began to take a greater notice in Sangharakshita and his international Buddhist movement

‘I had a preview of The Enlightened Englishman, the first (in order of filming) of Bob Mullan’s two documentaries about me, which was to be shown on Anglia Television in two weeks’ time. The title was not of my choosing. In fact I had told Bob that I did not like it and asked him to change it, but in this as in so many other matters Bob went his own way. (In the course of the last six months Dharmadhara, Kulananda, and I – not to mention Lokamitra – have learned quite a lot about the way in which the makers of TV programmes like to do things.) Despite this minor irritant, however, I was pleased with the film…’

Through Buddhist Eyes (CW24, p.319)

Soon afterwards, he left Padmaloka to live above the London Buddhist Centre with Paramartha, with whom he would share a long-lasting friendship

His own attention turned towards who would lead the movement after him

‘In April 1990 he gave an important talk entitled ‘My Relation to the Order’. He explained that while he would always occupy a unique position as the founder, as well as teacher and original preceptor to the Order and movement, he was now ‘handing on’. The public preceptors had already begun to take responsibility for conducting ordinations. Then Sangharakshita resigned the position he had always held as president of all FWBO centres, and asked a number of senior Order members to step into that role too. The presidents were to act as ‘spiritual friends’ to the centres, helping to ensure they stayed true to the vision and principles of the FWBO.’

The Triratna Story by Vajragupta (pp.119-20)
‘Since our return to London, Paramartha and I have been following much the same basic daily routine that we followed in Wales and which we have in fact followed – except when one of us was away – more or less continuously for the last eight and a half months. Rising soon after 5.30, we meditate for two hours, usually from 6 until 8 o’clock, but occasionally a little later. After meditation comes breakfast, and after breakfast a walk in Victoria Park, the walk being shorter or longer according to the weather. …  On the way back to Sukhavati we sometimes go to the post office or do a little shopping. The rest of the morning is devoted mainly to working on a revised version of Wong Mou-lam’s translation of the Sūtra of Wei Lang (Huineng). …On some days we continue our editing work until lunchtime, which is at 1 o’clock. Sometimes we finish early, in which case Paramartha spends the rest of the morning reading. Except on Sunday and Monday, when we fend for ourselves, lunch is by courtesy of the Cherry Orchard restaurant. After lunch we talk for a while, after which Paramartha gets down to his more serious reading (Conze and Snellgrove as distinct from Dickens and Henry James), takes notes, writes (or tapes) letters, and does prostrations, while I either correct material for Mitrata or Dhammamegha or, more often than not, simply reflect. (I shall have something to say about the content of my reflections later on.) Dinner is at 6 o’clock, and is by courtesy of Sukhavati community. The evening passes in much the same way as the afternoon and by 10 o’clock we are usually in bed.’

Through Buddhist Eyes (CW24, pp.321-2)

In 1995, a College of Public Preceptors was formed to take responsibility for ordinations and ordination training

“Sangharakshita called the thirteen of us together for the first time during the 1993 Order Convention in Norfolk. A few of us had some idea of what was to happen, but the stark simplicity of what he had to say still shocked us. He wanted to hand over to us his remaining responsibilities for the Order and Movement. From thenceforth we were to form the College of Public Preceptors and, to assist them, the Council of Presidents and other senior members of the Western Buddhist Order. All he told us beyond that was to buy a house in a central location in Britain as a base and to live there — or at least as many of us as could. So our lives were turned upside down. Fundraising and a search for property began, and we started the slow and sometimes painful process of working out what it was we were supposed to be doing.”

Subhuti’s preface to Issue One of Madhyamavani, the College’s newsletter
“The newly forming College [of public preceptors] wanted a property that was easily accessible from all over the UK and beyond. In 1994 Brackley Dene, a large Victorian house in suburban Birmingham, was purchased, and became Madhyamaloka (‘the central realm’).”

The Triratna Story by Vajragupta (p.120)

In 1997 he moved into Madhyamaloka, the residential community where many members of the College now lived

Later that year, The Guardian, a UK newspaper, published an incendiary article featuring Sangharakshita

The FWBO Communications Office wrote a response, published in the same newspaper

‘In the autumn of 1997, trouble was brewing. Down in London was the FWBO Communications Office, which was run by Vishvapani; he dealt with media enquiries and edited Dharma Life, the magazine he had launched a year before as the successor to Golden Drum. One day the phone rang and he found himself speaking to Madeleine Bunting, a journalist from The Guardian, one of the UK’s main broadsheet newspapers. She said she wanted to write a lengthy piece on the FWBO, since it had recently celebrated its thirtieth birthday, but Vishvapani knew that she had written a disparaging piece on another Buddhist movement. Her article had attracted criticism in the UK Buddhist world for being one-sided and sensationalized. He suspected that it was now the FWBO’s turn. His suspicions were confirmed. It turned out that Bunting had been contacted by critics of the FWBO and given the case studies of three men. One was a former Order member who in the 1970s had had a close friendship and sexual relationship with Sangharakshita. In the late 1980s he had turned against Sangharakshita, maintaining that the relationship had been coercive and that the FWBO was a cult.’

The Triratna Story by Vajragupta (pp.121-2)
‘[The article] got many things wrong and took others out of context. It made false links between particular difficulties and the FWBO as a whole, and offered a travestied version of the FWBO’s teachings that were said to legitimise them. For the record, nobody I know in the FWBO is a misogynist, family-hating, promoter of homosexuality. Actually, we’re Buddhists.’

Vishvapani in The Guardian, 8 November 1997

Some in the Order and movement were still upset and confused, while others began questioning their own relation to Sangharakshita

As heated discussions in the movement brewed, some called for a response from Sangharakshita

Guhyaloka: July 1998

Back in the magic valley
I breathe the smoke-free air
And listen to the silence
Distilling everywhere.
Far from the roar of traffic,
Far from the frantic crowd,
I feel my soul expanding
With dreams not disallowed.

Back in the verdant valley
The pine trees lift their arms
As if in joyous welcome
To this refuge from all harms; –
To this refuge – or this respite –
From the venom-dripping tongue
And the shafts that fly in darkness
From a bow by malice strung.
Back in the fragrant valley,
Care-emancipate, alone,
I communicate in silence
With the giant shapes of stone –
Grey, ancient forms that tell me,
In the stillness, ‘Time will cure.
Meanwhile, be calm, be silent;
The secret is: Endure.

‘We endure the cold of winter,
We endure the summer’s heat,
Clouds resting on our shoulders,
Trees crouching at our feet;
And even when the storm-gods
In furious cavalcade
Sweep through the darkening heavens
We are no whit dismayed.

‘Yea, though the lightning flashes,
Yea, though the thunder rolls,
They cannot move our spirits,
They cannot shake our souls.
Earth-born, no god affrights us,
No younger power defeats;
Wrapped in eternal silence
We keep our ancient seats.’

Back in the secret valley,
I hear their soundless voice;
I hear their admonition;
I hear it, and rejoice.
Though the ‘worldly winds’ assail me,
Though friends my cause abjure,
Far from the magic valley
The word will be: Endure.
2000
Sangharakshita as an old man

Prepared the FWBO for a life beyond his own and changed its name

Sangharakshita completed the process of “handing on” his leadership by appointing the first Chair of the College of Public Preceptors

‘26 August 2000 was Sangharakshita’s seventy-fifth birthday. A celebration was organized in the Great Hall of Aston University, Birmingham. Expectation filled the air, as it was known that he was going to make a special and significant announcement on that day. The occasion marked the final stage of his handing on. It must have been an extraordinary moment for him; he was later to reveal that every night in the preceding week, he had dreamed vividly of his own Buddhist teachers. He explained that he was now passing on the ‘Headship of the Order’. He wasn’t burdening one person with too onerous a responsibility, but handing it on to the College of Public Preceptors collectively. However, he was going to appoint a chair of the College, who would serve for a five-year term, with the possibility of re-election by the other College members for a second term. Subhuti was to be the first chair of the College.’

The Triratna Story by Vajragupta (p.126)
‘That is the structure I have set up in order to ensure the continuance, consolidation, and expansion of the WBO and FWBO after my death, whenever that may be. Two questions remain to be answered. What will be the function of the College of Public Preceptors, and what will I be doing now that I have handed on the last of my responsibilities?

With regard to the first of these questions, it is the public preceptors who have the ultimate responsibility for accepting people into the Order, and they are already exercising that responsibility. I have decided not to define their function any further than that, except to say that they will be doing whatever I have been doing over the years. If you like, the College is the collective reincarnation of me, and they will be functioning in the same spirit. For the last five years most of the public preceptors and presidents have been living in Birmingham, either at Madhyamaloka [with me] or at the Park Hill community [nearby], and the others have visited from time to time. In this way they’ve got to know one another even better than they already did, and they’ve also had regular contact with me, so they know my mind. The public preceptors and the presidents have been working harmoniously together, which gives me great satisfaction and augurs well for the future health of the whole movement.

So what will I be doing, now that I’ve handed on the last of my responsibilities? Well, I certainly won’t be disappearing from the scene, at least not for the present. I’m not going to retire to the Bahamas or the south of France. I won’t even be going on holiday. In fact, I will be doing many of the things I’ve been doing for the last few years: writing memoirs, reading page proofs, going for walks, visiting second-hand bookshops, appearing at centres for book launches, poetry readings, and so on, meditating, listening to music, perhaps writing a few more poems. I shall also be seeing people.’

The Celebration of Sangharakshita's Seventy-fifth Birthday (CW12, p.632)

On retreat in 2001, his eyesight suddenly became very blurry, and later worsened to leave him barely able to see

“He had been active and vigorous well into his seventies, but now he seemed to slide quickly into old age. His eyesight deteriorated, due to macular degeneration, which he bore with remarkable equanimity. Then he started suffering from severe insomnia, and, with that, extreme exhaustion, which he found terribly distressing. It was shocking for his close disciples to see him like this, and he confided to a friend that while he had felt prepared for death, he hadn’t felt prepared for old age. In a matter of months, he had become a fragile old man. He asked not to be bothered by anything at all. To help cope with his insomnia, he didn’t want to hear of news or developments in the movement; he just wanted to be left undisturbed. Those left at Madhyamaloka looked after Sangharakshita as best they could, and wondered what to do with the movement.”

The Triratna Story by Vajragupta (pp.131-2)

In 2003, an Order member wrote a letter to the Order detailing his unhappiness with Sangharakshita and their sexual relationship in the 1980s

A new round of criticism within the Order ensued while Sangharakshita remained too unwell to respond

‘In October I had to pull out of a study retreat I was leading at Madhyamaloka, as owing to insomnia I was too tired to continue. As I wrote at the time to Padmadaka at Padmaloka, I was ‘half dead from sleeplessness’. In all the years that I had lectured and led retreats and seminars, this was the first time I had been forced to let people down in this way, and I was much mortified. But insomnia was only part of the problem. Writing to Vidyadevi in Herefordshire a few weeks later, I confided, ‘At the moment I am enjoying a relative respite from my sleeplessness but the underlying problem is still there and will no doubt shortly be confronting me again. It is a combination of high blood pressure, insomnia, and palpitation, which appear to reinforce one another and between them to create a cycle which is difficult to break through.’ The underlying problem was indeed still there and a week later I was writing to the same friend that I had ‘experienced a few ups and downs with my health, including an alarm on Christmas Eve that took me to the primary care unit of Selly Oak Hospital for a consultation, and I am not sure what the future holds’. The alarm in question was the sudden acceleration of my pulse rate to a dangerously high level…’


‘During the whole of this period I carried on more or less as usual, except that early in 2003 I told Subhuti, Sona, Mahamati, and the rest of the community, that I did not want to hear anything of a disturbing or controversial nature, with the result that for about a year I did not know about the upheaval that was going on within the community and within the FWBO.’

A Season in Hell (CW26, pp.456 & 458)

In 2008, he gave lectures on the six distinctive emphases of the FWBO at multiple Buddhist centres

In 2009, two of his senior disciples, Subhuti and Mahamati, interviewed Sangharakshita about his life, personality, and new Buddhist movement

‘The word “experimentation” wasn’t a good word – “exploration” would have been better, but even that is not fully appropriate. The point is that my sexual activity was part of a wider process in my own personal life – and one might even say in my Dharma life and in my attempt to communicate the Dharma. It was part of a general exploration. I was trying to explore how to live and communicate the Dharma in these very new circumstances of the modern West. I had become aware that there were aspects of life that were being given a new kind of attention in modern culture – aspects of life that the Dharma had never previously had to address. I had to work out for myself how the Dharma related to these aspects of life, since there were no clear and explicit models to be found in the scriptures or in traditional Buddhism. We have already seen that exploration in relation to my taking LSD. In many areas of life I allowed myself to open up to the world I found myself in, while holding fast to the essential principles of the Dharma. Of course there were many false starts and many blind alleys, but eventually what emerged was the FWBO.

Conversations with Bhante
‘And still there was more to be endured. In the summer of 2004, Sangharakshita suffered a heart attack and was detained in hospital for a week. I recall cycling over from Moseley one hot day to visit him, one of several visitors who came and sat beside their friend and teacher for a short time. Perhaps we all wondered what was going to happen now…

‘Within a single lifetime one can discern cycles that mirror the great cycle of birth, death, and rebirth – and sometimes dramatically so. There came to Sangharakshita in due course a new lease of life. Sleep returned, and though his energies were not all they had been before his insomnia and the heart attack, nevertheless he once more enjoyed reasonably good health for one of his age.’

– Kalyanaprabha’s Introduction to A Moseley Miscellany (CW26, pp.404-5)

Criticisms within the Order began to settle, at least for a time

Subhuti then interviewed Sangharakshita on important aspects of his teaching – these were published as Seven Papers

‘Now that I am in my 84th year, I am glad to have had the opportunity of placing on record my views concerning the nature of the Order, and related topics. My replies to the questions put to me may, indeed, be seen as my Last Will and Testament for the Order, and I therefore request all Order members not only to 'read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest' its contents but also to give it appropriate expression in their lives as Order members.’

Seven Papers

By this point, the Order had around 1500 ordained members, many of whom were in India practising under the name Trailokya Bauddha Mahasangha

Sangharakshita received a letter from the Indian Order convenor requesting that the whole Order change its name

‘Recently at an Order gathering and workshop for more than 45 Order members in Pune… most of us felt strongly that the name of the Order must change, for the following reasons:

1. To experience the unity of the Order there should be one name which can represent the whole Order.
2. There is always confusion about the Western and Indian 'wings' of the Order, when we use two different names.
3. Though 'Trailokya' is generally accepted in Maharashtra, people from other states of India find it difficult to relate to as a Buddhist name.
4. Apart from India and Western countries, other places, especially Asian countries, would find it difficult to relate to it as a Buddhist name.

Therefore we would like Bhante to consider our request to finalise the name for the Order, as it is most difficult to get consensus from all Order members worldwide. We would feel happy with whatever name Bhante chooses. So again we would like to request that Bhante please consider this matter sympathetically and soon.’

Email from Dh. Amrutdeep to Sangharakshita, 22 November 2009

Sangharakshita proposed the new name Triratna: the Buddhist term meaning ‘Three Jewels’ – Buddha, Dharma and Sangha

‘I hope that Western Order members will be as moved as I was by the request I received, and that they will join with me in wanting to meet the wish of the Indian Order members for a change of their own name and for a name for the whole Order. Having one name for the whole Order will make it clear to the world not only that we all go for Refuge to the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha, but that whether in the East or the West, the North or the South, we are one united Order, with a single vision and a single heart and mind.’

Message to the Order from Sangharakshita, 1 January 2010
2013

Moved to his final home: Adhisthana in Herefordshire

Sangharakshita had been living in Birmingham, at Madhyamaloka for 14 years

He now said he wanted to spend his last days in a new location – which could serve as a focus for the worldwide Triratna movement after his death

‘There’ll also be his ‘library’ which I put in inverted commas because it’s not the right word. Actually I don’t have a single word because apart from his books we have his archives, letters, documents relating to his personal history and the Movement’s history, and his treasures. This ‘library’, which he wants to personally supervise, is a veritable treasury embodying our Order’s spiritual history.

‘Next to that goes a Dharma Training Centre which focuses, naturally, on Bhante’s teachings with study, exploration and practice. This will be primarily aimed at the Order…

‘I’m really happy that Bhante has specified elemental and sublime landscape (rather than pastoral). We need a place that uplifts, inspires and supports meditation. A mythic environment which is, in itself, a place people will want to be and can make their own.’

– Mokshapriya's blog about the Sangharakshita Land Project

The ‘Sangharakshita Land Project’ team spent some years searching for a suitable property before eventually finding a former boarding school in Herefordshire

In 2013, Sangharakshita moved to Adhisthana

‘The rest of 2013 proved to be a difficult time for me. Adhisthana was still a building site, with noisy heavy machinery operating each day of the week until August, when Adhisthana had its official opening. I was still very ill, with only very small improvements in my condition from month to month. Fortunately, my new GP reduced my Mirtazapine from the highest to the lowest dose, which seemed to help. I continued to suffer from insomnia, and I often felt – and looked – exhausted. I also suffered from night sweats, which were often so heavy that I had to change my pyjamas and even my bedding in the course of the night. My first months in my new home were thus neither very peaceful nor very happy.’

A Reverie-cum-Reminiscence in the Form of a Letter to Paramartha (CW26, p.544)

Today, visitors and pilgrims continue to find inspiration and connection with Sangharakshita at Urgyen House

When he arrived, Adhisthana was a building site and he was again battling insomnia

After some time, both the building work and the insomnia settled down and his time at Adhisthana came to be ‘among [his] happiest years’

He lived in a small space he called the Urgyen Annexe and saw visitors most days

In 2015, he celebrated his 90th birthday

Starting with a Letter to Paramartha, he had a final burst of literary activity, dictating articles on topics including Blake, Islam, morality and friendship

“Closely connected with my natural affinity with Buddhism is my preference to think in terms of what is to be cultivated, such as equanimity and compassion, rather than what is to be rooted out, such as greed and delusion. This is not to say that there is nothing in us that needs to be rooted out, but my natural tendency is to emphasize the positive aspects of spiritual life, an emphasis which most people find helpful.”

A Complex Personality: A Note (CW26, p. 638)
‘I took my seat on my mother’s chair (transported to the marquee for the occasion) with Parami on my right and Buddhadasa on my left. All this time, everyone was chanting the Śākyamuni mantra. Parami then said a few words, after which Subhuti very capably introduced Kalyanaprabha at some length. While he was speaking the rain poured down heavily, so that he had to raise his voice above the uproar despite having the help of the microphone…

‘I was then given a large birthday cake and presented with a beautifully bound birthday card from the thousand and more Order members who had contributed to the £110,000 for the Complete Works and for translations. This was the signal for everyone to sing ‘Happy Birthday’...

‘After I had taken my seat I was garlanded by a young Dharmacharini with a flower garland that she and Sanghamani had made. Suvajra now tells me that several Order members who went outside the marquee while Subhuti was introducing Kalyanaprabha saw a rainbow over the Annexe!’

A Reverie-cum-Reminiscence in the Form of a Letter to Paramartha (CW26, pp.459-50)

In 2016, a BBC report featuring Mark/ex-Vajrakumara sparked another wave of criticism, both in the press and within Triratna

‘I being its founder, Triratna sometimes bears the mark not of the Dharma but of my own particular personality. That personality is a complex one and in certain respects I did not act in accordance with what my position in the movement demanded or even as a true Buddhist. I am thinking in particular of the times when I have hurt, harmed or upset fellow Buddhists, whether within Triratna or out of it.

‘These thoughts have borne all the more upon me in the course of the last week, when I was in hospital with pneumonia. As I was well aware pneumonia can be fatal to a man of my age and I knew that I could die, even though I did not feel that I was dying, despite being very ill.

‘I would therefore like to express my deep regret for all the occasions on which I have hurt, harmed or upset fellow Buddhists, and ask for their forgiveness.’

A Personal Statement

After being hospitalised with pneumonia at the end of 2016, Sangharakshita issued his own public statement of apology and regret

This time senior Order members responded, fully investigating and addressing the issues raised – see Adhisthana Kula Report

2018 marked 50 years since the founding of the Order

Six months later, he fell ill again and was taken into hospital

As his condition worsened, a message was sent around the world to chant the five mantras he asked for at the time of his death:

Amitābha

Shakyāmuni

Tārā

Manjughosa

Padmasambhava

On 30th October 2018, Urgyen Sangharakshita died in hospital surrounded by friends

He was buried in the grounds of Adhisthana – the new spiritual home for the international Triratna community

When he was born, Buddhism was barely known or practised in the West or in India, the land of its birth

Sangharakshita built up a huge body of teachings bringing Buddhism into the modern world




His legacy is an international community of thousands of Buddhists practising in a wide variety of contexts

Spiritual friends sharing their lives

Working together in Buddhist businesses

And practising together in over 150 Buddhist Centres and groups

This vibrant community is united by Sangharakshita’s vision of a full Buddhist life – not a prescribed lifestyle, but a shared commitment to the Three Jewels of Buddhism: 

The Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha

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